2 Zivilrecht, Strafrecht, Administration of Justice » 21 Civil Law » 210 General Provisions (EGZZGB)

I. Judicial Authorities

Jurisdiction and procedure for judicial decisions are governed by the Judiciary Act and the Swiss Code of Civil Procedure, unless otherwise provided.

Summary Proceedings

1 The District Court, acting through a single judge in summary proceedings, rules on the following matters in addition to those mentioned in Articles 249, 271, 302, and 305 of the Swiss Code of Civil Procedure

a) Law of Persons

1. Applications for the annulment, amendment, or extension of measures against domestic violence (Art. 28b para. 4 CC in conjunction with § 19c of the Police Act (PolG));

2. Applications for the annulment, amendment, or extension of measures against threats and impairments (§ 19 para. 2 PolG).

b) Family Law

1. Granting of payment deadlines (Art. 11 Final Title CC).

c) Inheritance Law

1. Supervision of the executor of will (Arts. 517 and 518 CC);

2. Opening of dispositions mortis causa (Art. 557 CC);

3. Issuance of the certificate of inheritance (Art. 559 CC);

4. Receipt of declarations of renunciation and necessary orders (Arts. 570 and 574 to 576 CC);

5. Order for the official inventory (Art. 580 CC);

6. Securing claims of co-heirs when the testator's business is continued (Art. 585 para. 2 CC);

7. Request for a declaration regarding the acquisition of the inheritance and granting of a further period (Art. 587 CC);

8. Order for official liquidation (Arts. 593 and 594 CC) and determination of over-indebtedness (Art. 597 CC);

9. Appointment of a representative for the community of heirs (Art. 602 para. 3 CC);

10. Commissioning the appraisal committee to determine the attribution value of real estate before initiating the inheritance partition process (Art. 618 CC).

d) Law of Property

1. Determination of an uncertain boundary (Art. 669 CC);

2. Approval of the laying and relocation of pipes and lines through third-party property (Arts. 690 to 693 CC);

3. Prohibition of entering forest and pasture (Art. 699 CC);

4. Setting of a deadline for securing in case of usufruct, withdrawal of possession, and order for inventory (Arts. 760, 762 and 763 CC);

5. Order for the assignment of usufructuary claims (Art. 775 CC);

6. Regulation of pledges (Art. 833 CC);

7. Orders concerning the deposit of payments for the registered mortgage note (Art. 851 CC);

8. Claims arising from dispossession and disturbance of possession (Arts. 927 and 928 CC);

9. Measures in case of an untraceable owner, easement holder, or land charge creditor, as well as in the absence of prescribed organs (Arts. 666a, 666b, 781a and 823 CC);

10. Order for the deletion of legally irrelevant entries (Art. 976b CC).

2 The District Court, acting through a single judge in summary proceedings, rules on the following matters based on the Federal Act of June 18, 2004, on Registered Partnerships for Same-Sex Couples

a) Assignment of co-ownership (Art. 24 PartG);

b) Annulment of the property agreement (Art. 25 para. 4 PartG).

III. Cantonal Court

1 The Cantonal Court is responsible for adjudicating return applications under Art. 7 para. 1 of the Federal Act on International Child Abduction and the Hague Conventions on the Protection of Children and Adults (FACA) of December 21, 2007.

2 It is furthermore the enforcement authority under Art. 12 para. 1 FACA.

IV. Administrative Court

1 The Administrative Court judges

a) Complaints against orders and decisions of the Child and Adult Protection

Authority (Art. 450 Civil Code);

b) Complaints against the arrangement of a welfare placement, against retention

in an institution and the rejection of discharge requests, against the treatment of

a mental disorder without consent, as well as against measures restricting

freedom of movement (Art. 439 Civil Code).

2 The Administrative Court judges complaints in accordance with legal provisions

as a full court, in a chamber, or as a single judge. Supplementary to §§ 28 and 60

of the Administrative Justice Act, an assessment by a single judge may also take

place if the court is appealed to again within a short period of time or repeatedly

within one year, without a changed factual situation being made credible.

Section 2: Administrative Authorities

I. Municipal President

The Municipal President is responsible, by virtue of the Civil Code, for ordering the auction of found property (Art. 721 CC).

II. Municipal Council

The Municipal Council is competent under the Civil Code in the following cases

a) Supervision of foundations that, according to their purpose, exclusively belong to the municipality (Art. 84 para. 1 CC);

b) Filing a lawsuit to contest recognition (Art. 260 para. 1 and 259 para. 2 no. 3 CC);

c) As the defendant party in paternity proceedings (Art. 261 para. 2 CC);

d) Contesting an adoption (Art. 269a para. 1 CC);

e) Official request for a declaration of absence (Art. 550 CC).

III. Child and Adult Protection Authorities

1 The cantonal child and adult protection authorities are specialized authorities

and consist of three to five members each (Art. 440 CC).

2 They perform the tasks assigned to them in the Civil Code and other federal law

in the areas of child protection, adult protection, and compulsory placements,

unless otherwise provided for by cantonal law.

3 The Government Council divides the cantonal territory into jurisdictional districts

for the child and adult protection authorities.

IV. Department

1 The department designated by the Government Council is the supervisory authority over the Child and Adult Protection Authorities (Art. 441 CC).

2 It is furthermore competent in the following cases

a) Change of name (Art. 30 CC);

b) Bringing an action for annulment of marriage (Art. 106 para. 1 CC);

c) Bringing an action for annulment of a registered partnership (Art. 9 para. 2 RPP).

3 It is the Central Authority according to Art. 2 FAPCA as well as according to Art. 3 Federal Act on the Hague Adoption Convention and on Measures for the Protection of Children in International Adoptions of June 22, 2001 (FAHAC) and is furthermore competent in the following cases

a) Pronouncement of adoption (Art. 268 para. 1 CC);

b) Permission to take in foster children for the purpose of subsequent adoption, as well as supervision of these foster relationships (Art. 316 para. 1 CC);

c) Advisory support for adopted persons in investigations regarding the personal details of their biological parents (Art. 268c CC).

V. The Government Council

1 The Government Council is competent wherever the Civil Code directly assigns

tasks to it. It may contractually delegate services to be provided by itself and the

Department to other cantons, organizations, or private individuals.

2 The Government Council appoints a Child and Adult Protection Commission.

It consists of four representatives of the municipalities, two representatives of the

child and adult protection authorities, and the head of the competent department,

and has an advisory function.

3 Furthermore, it is competent in the following cases

a) Bringing an action for the dissolution of an association due to unlawful or

immoral purposes (Art. 78 CC);

b) …

c) …

d) Authorizing financial institutions and cooperatives to accept livestock as

pledged collateral (Art. 885 CC).

VII. Central Switzerland BVG and Foundation Supervisory Authority

The Central Switzerland BVG and Foundation Supervisory Authority is responsible for

a) Supervision of foundations that by their nature belong to the canton or several municipalities (Art. 84 para. 1 CC);

b) Alteration of the organization or purpose of a foundation (Art. 85, 86 para. 1, 86a and 86b CC).

II. Title

Organizational Provisions and Cantonal Civil Law

1. Section: General Provisions

a) Public Notarization

I. Concept and Subject Matter

Public notarization is the recording of legally significant facts or

declarations of legal transactions by a person authorized to do so according to § 10,

in the prescribed form and using the designated procedure. This includes

the notarization of individual declarations, the recording of declarations made at

events, and the notarization of existing facts.

II. Jurisdiction

The following are competent for public notarization

a) the notary, whereby for the notarization of contracts concerning in rem rights to

real estate in Schwyz, the appointed official notaries of the district in which the property is entirely or predominantly located have exclusive jurisdiction;

b) holders of the Schwyz attorney's license and holders of the Schwyz eligibility certificate for notaries who are registered as notarial officers with the Cantonal Court, and who have a domicile or business address in the Canton, for all legal transactions that are not reserved for notaries according to letter a), whereby the Government Council may issue declarations of reciprocity for the recognition of licenses from outside the canton;

c) municipal clerks and their deputies for public testamentary dispositions and advance care directives.

b) Official authentication

I. Definition

Official certification consists of the attestation by the certifying person regarding the authenticity of a signature or a manual sign, the conformity of a copy, an excerpt or another reproduction with the original document presented, as well as the correct execution of a translation.

II. Competence

The following are competent to perform authentications

a) the notarial officers according to § 10;

b) the State Secretary and the employees of the State Chancellery designated by the Government Council;

c) the State Archivist;

d) the court clerks of the Schwyz courts;

e) the public prosecutors;

f) the employees of the Notary Office designated by the District Council who fulfill the election requirements of a municipal clerk.

c) Common Provisions for Attestation and Authentication

I. Supervision

Persons qualified to authenticate and certify are subject to the supervision of the Cantonal Court with regard to these activities.

II. Disqualification

1. Certification

a) Certification of Individual Declarations and Existing Facts

The certifying officer is excluded from exercising their office if the following are involved in the certification

a) the certifying officer themself;

b) a person for whom the certifying officer acts as a representative within the scope of the certification;

c) a person to whom the certifying officer is or was married, with whom they live or have lived in a registered partnership, are engaged to, or with whom they live in a de facto cohabitation;

d) a person who is related by blood or adoption, or by affinity, in the direct line or up to the third degree in the collateral line, to the certifying officer, including the step-parents and step-children, as well as the foster parents and foster children of the certifying officer;

e) the employer of the certifying officer according to § 10 lit. b of this Act;

f) a legal entity whose governing body includes one of the persons mentioned in this paragraph;

g) a general or limited partnership to which one of the persons mentioned in this paragraph belongs.

b) Certification of Event-Related Declarations

The certifying officer is excluded from exercising their office if

a) they are themselves involved in the certification;

b) a person for whom the certifying officer acts as a representative within the scope of the certification is involved in the certification;

c) the organizer or the company is the employer of the certifying officer;

d) one of the persons mentioned in § 14 belongs to the executive body of the organizer or the company.

2. Certification

The certifying officer is excluded from exercising their office if

they are themselves involved in the certification.

d) Publication

### Publication Organ

1. Publications prescribed by the Civil Code shall be made in the Official Gazette.

2. The Municipal Council shall determine the nature and scope of publications customary for the locality.

### Section 2: Law of Persons

I. Civil Registry System

The Government Council organizes the civil registry system.

II. Domicile

The municipality (Articles 25, 26 SCC) is considered the seat of the Child and Adult Protection Authority and thus the domicile of

a) the minor under guardianship or the adult under comprehensive guardianship who, at the time the guardianship or comprehensive guardianship was established, had their domicile there;

b) the minor or adult who, with the consent of the Child and Adult Protection Authority, moves their habitual residence within its jurisdiction; or

c) the minor or adult who, at the time the measure was transferred from another Child and Adult Protection Authority, has their habitual residence there.

III. Legal Persons under Cantonal Law

1. Existence

Existing *Allmendgenossenschaften* (commons cooperatives) and similar bodies within the meaning of Article 59 para. 3 CC are cooperatives under cantonal public law.

2. Articles of Association

1 The articles of association of these cooperatives must contain provisions concerning

a) Name and registered office;

b) Purpose;

c) Membership;

d) Organs and representation;

e) Funds and liability.

2 Amendments to the articles of association are subject to approval by the Government Council.

3. Contestation of Resolutions

Every member may, within ten days of the resolution's adoption, contest resolutions of the General Assembly that violate laws or statutes or that abolish or impair a vested right, before the Administrative Court in accordance with the provisions regarding administrative justice.

4. Subsidiary Law

If this law or the statutes do not contain a rule, the Municipal Organisation Law shall be applied mutatis mutandis.

IV. Foundation Supervision

The Government Council orders foundation supervision.

Section 3: Family Law

a) Matrimonial Law

III. Marriage and Family Counseling Centers

Marriage and family counseling is assigned to the special specialized services in accordance with

§ 13 of the Social Assistance Act.

b) Child and Adult Protection

I. Organization

1. Offices

1 The Child and Adult Protection Authorities, together with the authority secretariats and the subordinated official guardianships, form offices of the cantonal administration.

2 The Government Council issues further provisions concerning the organization of the Child and Adult Protection Authorities.

2. Employment

The members of the Child and Adult Protection Authorities as well as the employees

of the authority secretariats and the official guardianships shall be employed in accordance with

the Personnel and Salary Ordinance.

3. Jurisdiction

1 The Child and Adult Protection Authority at the civil law domicile of the person

concerned has local jurisdiction.

2 It has subject-matter jurisdiction where the Civil Code or another law assigns it a

task. In particular, this includes

a) the regulation of personal contact between parents and children (Art. 273–275a

SCC) and the ordering of measures for the protection of the child and the child's

assets (Art. 307–325 SCC);

b) the promotion of advance care directives (Art. 360–373 SCC);

c) the investigation and ordering of measures ex officio for persons lacking capacity

of judgment (Art. 374–387 SCC);

d) the establishment and termination of guardianships (Art. 390–399 SCC);

e) compulsory institutionalisation (Art. 426 SCC).

4. Composition and Representation

1 The Child and Adult Protection Authority issues its orders and takes its

decisions, subject to differing provisions, as a collegial authority with three

members.

2 The Government Council regulates representation.

5. Individual Competence

1 The head or a member of the Child and Adult Protection Authority appointed by

him shall be responsible for the procedural management, namely the issuance

of summonses, the examination of competence, and the convening of the

authority.

2 The following matters of child protection fall within the individual competence of

each member

a) Filing an application for a new regulation of parental custody with the divorce

or separation court (Art. 134 para. 1 CC);

b) Approval of maintenance agreements and new regulation of parental custody,

care, personal contact, and childcare shares where parents agree (Art. 134

paras. 3 and 4, and 287 CC);

c) Filing an application for the appointment of a child's representative in divorce

or separation proceedings (Art. 299 para. 2 lit. b CPC);

d) Consent to the adoption of a child under guardianship (Art. 265 para. 2 CC);

e) Receiving the declaration of consent for adoption from the father and mother

(Art. 265a para. 2 CC);

f) Approval of personal contact between the adopted child and the biological

parents (Art. 268e para. 1 CC);

g) Receiving the declaration of joint parental custody (Art. 298a para. 4 CC);

h) Assignment of parental custody to the father (Art. 298b para. 4 CC);

i) Granting permission for the admission of a foster child and exercising foster

child supervision (Art. 316 para. 1 CC);

j) Ordering the taking of an inventory as well as periodic accounting and reporting

on the child's assets (Art. 318 para. 3 and 322 para. 2 CC);

k) Receiving the child's asset inventory after the death of a parent (Art. 318

para. 2 CC);

l) Permission to consume the child's assets (Art. 320 para. 2 CC);

m) Ordering a representation assistance for the unborn child to safeguard

hereditary claims (Art. 544 para. 1 CC);

n) Notification to the competent residents' registration office regarding the

assignment of parental custody and guardianship of children;

o) Notification of the appointment of the guardian to the debt enforcement office

(Art. 68c DEPA).

3 The following matters of adult protection fall within the individual competence of

each member

a) Review, interpretation, and supplementation of the advance directive, as well

as instruction of the appointed person regarding their duties (Art. 363 and 364

CC);

b) Consent to legal acts of the spouse within the framework of extraordinary asset

management (Art. 374 para. 3 CC);

c) Determination of authorization to represent in medical measures (Art. 381 and

382 para. 3 CC);

d) Ordering an inventory and ordering the taking of a public inventory (Art. 405

paras. 2 and 3 CC);

e) Auditing of accounts (Art. 415 para. 1 and 425 para. 2 CC);

f) Transfer of competence for the discharge of a person to the institution (Art. 428

para. 2 CC);

g) Notification to the civil registry office, residents' registration office, and debt

enforcement office regarding the existence of a comprehensive assistance

(Art. 449c CC);

h) Notification to the civil registry office regarding the existence of an advance

directive (Art. 449c CC);

i) Enforcement order (Art. 450g CC);

j) Information regarding the existence of an adult protection measure and granting

the right to inspect files (Art. 451 para. 2 and 449b CC);

k) Notification of restricted or withdrawn legal capacity to debtors (Art. 452 para. 2

CC);

l) Application for ordering an estate inventory (Art. 553 para. 1 CC);

m) Initiation of the transfer of the existing measure to the authority of the new place

of residence (Art. 442 and 444 CC);

n) Notification of asset management by an assistant or an advance directive agent

to the debt enforcement office (Art. 68d DEPA).

II. Right to Report and Obligation to Report

1 Every person is entitled to report a person in need of assistance to the Child and Adult Protection Authority.

2 Employees of the canton, districts, and municipalities, as well as teachers and doctors, who become aware of a person's need for assistance in the exercise of their profession, are obliged to report, provided that no remedy can be created with other measures.

III. Execution of Mandates

1. Assistant

1 Any natural person who possesses the necessary personal and professional qualifications for the intended tasks may be appointed as an assistant (Art. 400 CC).

2 The professional assistants of the competent official guardianship authority shall take over the care and administration mandates that the Child and Adult Protection Authority does not transfer to an employee of a specialized agency or a private individual.

2. Compensation and Expenses

1 The support person is entitled to compensation and reimbursement of expenses in accordance

with Art. 404 para. 1 and 2 of the Civil Code.

2 If no assets are available, the canton shall bear the compensation and the reimbursement of

expenses.

3 The Government Council shall issue further implementing provisions.

3. Supervision

The Child and Adult Protection Authority supervises the guardians and can issue instructions to them.

IV. Official Guardianship

1 Every child and adult protection authority must have at least one cantonal official

guardianship attached to it, which is responsible for the implementation of the

measures ordered by the authority.

2 The Government Council organises the official guardianships.

V. Placement for Assistance

1. Competence to Order Placement

1 The Child and Adult Protection Authority is competent to order placement for

assistance (Art. 428 CC).

2 If there is a danger in delay, in addition to the Child and Adult Protection Authority,

any physician authorised to practice independently in Switzerland is also competent

to order placement for assistance (Art. 429 CC).

3 The physician's placement decision must be brought to the attention of the Child

and Adult Protection Authority.

4 If a placement ordered by a physician lasts longer than six weeks, the Child and

Adult Protection Authority must decide on further placement.

2. Aftercare

1 If there is a risk of relapse, the treating physician shall, before discharge, apply to the Child and Adult Protection Authority for suitable aftercare.

2 If the Child and Adult Protection Authority is responsible for the discharge, it shall obtain the opinion of the treating physician.

3 The Child and Adult Protection Authority may appoint a guardian for the affected person with the task of accompanying them and monitoring compliance with instructions through suitable controls.

3. Outpatient Measures

a) Subject Matter

1 The Child and Adult Protection Authority may order outpatient measures based on a preliminary medical opinion.

2 Permissible measures are those that appear suitable to prevent admission to an institution or to avoid a relapse. In particular, these include

a) the obligation to regularly seek professional advice or support or to undergo therapy,

b) the instruction to take specific medications,

c) the instruction to abstain from alcoholic beverages and other addictive substances.

3 Outpatient measures may be part of aftercare.

b) Monitoring

1 The instruction to abstain from alcoholic beverages may be communicated by the Child and Adult Protection Authority to proprietors of restaurants, bars, and alcohol sales outlets in the place of residence and sojourn of the person concerned, as well as in their immediate vicinity.

2 The Child and Adult Protection Authority may authorize the guardian or other mandated persons to enter the dwelling of the person concerned in their presence to monitor compliance with the outpatient measures.

VI. Liability

1 The Canton is liable for damage caused to a person within the framework of official measures for child and adult protection through unlawful action or omission (Art. 454 Civil Code).

2 For recourse against the person who caused the damage, the cantonal law on the liability of the community and the responsibility of its officials is applicable.

VII. Applicable Law

The Administrative Justice Act is applicable to proceedings before the child and adult protection authorities and before the Administrative Court, subject to differing provisions of this Act and federal law.

Section 4: Law of Succession

**a) Legal Heirs**

Inheritance Rights of the Community

If the deceased leaves no persons entitled to inherit, the inheritance

falls, subject to the usufruct rights mentioned in Art. 466 ZGB, to the

municipality of their last Swiss domicile.

b) Inheritance Process

I. Inheritance Office

1 The District Council designates the Inheritance Office.

2 It may transfer the task of the Inheritance Office to the District Court after consulting it, or to the Inheritance Office of another district with the consent of its District Council.

II. Securing the Succession

1. Jurisdiction and Procedure

1 The probate office takes the measures necessary to secure the succession (Arts. 490, 546, 548 and 551 to 556 CC).

2 The Government Council regulates the procedure for securing the succession.

2. Notification of Death

1 The civil registry office immediately notifies the probate office of the death of a person.

2 The probate office draws up the inventory (Art. 553 SCC).

3 The inventory contains as accurate a list of the estate assets as possible.

3. Sealing

The Probate Office orders the sealing if it deems it necessary or if an heir requests it.

4. Dispositions Mortis Causa and Matrimonial Agreements

a) Deposit

1 The Residents' Registration Office is the depositary for dispositions mortis causa

(Art. 504 and Art. 505 para. 2 SCC).

2 It registers the submitted dispositions mortis causa and keeps them in a safe place.

3 In the event of a move, it hands over the dispositions mortis causa to the relocating

person or sends them to them by post.

b) Opening

1 The single judge opens the submitted dispositions mortis causa and

the marriage contracts (Art. 557 CC).

2 He communicates the mandate to the executor.

5. Certificate of Inheritance

1 The single judge issues the certificate of inheritance (Art. 559 SCC).

2 He may request from the probate office a list of the heirs known to the probate office.

III. Public Inventory

1. Jurisdiction

The single judge commissions the notary with the establishment of the public inventory (Art. 580 to 584 CC).

2. Procedure

1 The notary shall have the inheritance, including the official inventory, to the extent it is already available, transmitted to him by the Probate Office, and shall generally complete the public inventory within three months.

2 If the official inventory is not available, the notary shall participate in its preparation.

3. Administration of the Estate

1 The notary or a person designated by them shall administer the estate until the

heirs have declared themselves in accordance with Art. 588 SCC.

2 Money, securities, and other items that can be easily stolen are to be securely

kept after their recording.

3 Inventory items whose storage causes disproportionate costs or allows them to

suffer damage may be publicly auctioned. Rapidly perishable goods may also be

sold by private sale.

4 If the continuation of a business proves desirable, the necessary measures for

this purpose are to be taken, subject to the approval by the single judge.

4. Call for Submission of Claims

1 The notary issues the call for submission of claims (Art. 582 CC).

2 The call for submission of claims must be published in the Official Gazette and at the

decedent’s domicile. Where it appears necessary, the notary may order publication

in other publication organs through which the likely creditors are most likely to

receive notice.

5. Conclusion of the Procedure

1 The notary transmits the inventory with the final report to the single judge.

2 The single judge takes the further measures provided for by law

(Art. 587 paras. 1 and 2 CC).

6. Other Cases

Where the inheritance devolves upon the community (Art. 592 Civil Code), the provisions concerning the public inventory shall apply by analogy.

IV. Official Liquidation

The single judge commissions the notary with the official liquidation (Art. 595 CC).

V. Division of the Inheritance

1. Inheritance Office

1 The Inheritance Office is responsible in the following cases

a) Participation in the division on behalf of an heir at the request of his creditor

(Art. 609 SCC),

b) Formation of lots (Art. 611 SCC),

c) Ordering an auction (Art. 612 para. 3 SCC),

d) Decision on the disposal or allocation of special objects

(Art. 613 para. 3 SCC).

2 The provisions of the cantonal implementing ordinance to the Code of Obligations apply mutatis mutandis to the auction.

2. Real Estate Appraisal Commission

1 In case of dispute, the Cantonal Real Estate Appraisal Commission determines the

account value of real estate in accordance with Art. 618 Civil Code. The costs of the

procedure shall be borne by the estate.

2 The appraisal decision may be appealed to the Administrative Court.

3. Procedure

The judge decides on the allocation, sale or division of an agricultural enter-

prise (Art. 621, 621, 625 and 625 CC) in ordinary proceedings.

Section 5: Law of Property

a) Law of Neighbors

I. Alterations to Terrain

1. General

Whoever carries out alterations to the terrain in the border area must protect the neighboring property by appropriate measures.

2. Excavations

1 For excavations, the minimum distance from the property line is half a meter.

2 For the creation of pits for the extraction of stones, gravel, sand, and other materials, the minimum distance from the property line is three meters.

3. Embankments

1 Embankments of earth, stones, and similar materials may be placed with their toe up to half a meter from the boundary.

2 If the crown height exceeds 2.50 m, the boundary distance shall be one quarter of this height.

4. Retaining Walls

1 Retaining walls may be placed on the boundary if they do not exceed 1.20 m. Higher retaining walls up to 2.50 m may be placed up to half a meter from the boundary.

2 If the height exceeds 2.50 m, the boundary distance shall be half of this height.

II. Fences and Enclosures

1. Erection and Maintenance

1 Whoever necessitates an enclosure by the nature of the use of their property must erect and maintain it.

2 If this applies to both adjacent properties, their owners must erect and maintain the enclosures (fences, walls, and the like) along the common boundary, each bearing half of the cost and responsibility.

3 Green hedges must be trimmed annually.

2. Distances

1 Fences up to a height of 1.20 m may be placed on the boundary.

2 Fences with a height of more than 1.20 m up to 2 m may be placed up to half a meter from the boundary.

3 For higher fences, the boundary distance of the cantonal building law applies.

3. Dangerous Fences

Dangerous fences are prohibited.

III. Plantings

1 The minimum distance from the property line, measured horizontally from the center of the tree trunk to the property line, is

a) 5 meters for standard trees not classified as fruit trees, as well as for nut and chestnut trees;

b) 4 meters for standard fruit trees;

c) 2 meters for dwarf fruit trees;

d) half a meter for dwarf trees and shrubs up to 3 m in height, as well as for vines.

2 If the neighboring property is a forest, the minimum distance from the property line is 1 meter.

IV. Claim of the Neighbor

1 The neighbor can demand the removal of ground alterations, fences, and

plants that do not maintain the minimum distance from the boundary.

2 This claim lapses within two years from the time the neighbor obtained knowledge

of the distance violation, but at the latest within ten years from

the occurrence of the violation.

V. Right to Use Neighboring Land

1 Whoever intends to make structural arrangements on the boundary, clean walls or buildings, or trim green hedges, may, after prior notification, enter and use the neighbor’s land in the gentlest way possible.

2 Any damage caused must be fully compensated to the neighbor.

b) Content of individual easements

I. Footpath

1 The right of footpath authorizes one to walk over the path, but not to drive, ride, or herd livestock.

2 The width of the footpath is 90 cm.

II. Livestock Driveway

1 The limited livestock driveway right authorizes the herding of captured livestock over the path, as well as walking and riding.

2 The unlimited livestock driveway right additionally authorizes the driving of uncaptured livestock.

3 The width of the livestock driveway is two meters.

III. Right of Way

1 The right of way entitles one to walk, drive, herd livestock, and ride over the path.

2 The width of the right of way is 2.70 m.

IV. Winter Path

The right of winter path authorizes one to walk, drive cattle, and ride sleds over the servient tenement from Martinmas until March 15th.

V. Reistweg

The right of way for timber transport permits the transport of timber from Martinmas until mid-March.

c) Nature and Heritage Protection

Jurisdiction

The Cantonal Council issues regulations concerning the protection of nature and homeland, and the preservation of antiquities and art monuments.

d) Soil improvements

Principles

1 To carry out land improvements within and outside the building area, such as road and street constructions, drinking water supplies, land consolidation, alpine improvements, drainage systems, etc., the involved landowners may form a land cooperative (Flurgenossenschaft).

2 If land improvements can only be carried out and maintained efficiently through joint efforts, and if the majority of the involved landowners, who collectively own more than half of the included land, have approved the undertaking, then the remaining landowners are obliged to join.

3 Furthermore, the Cantonal Council regulates the procedure.

e) Water Law

I. Private Waters

Insofar as the Water Rights Act does not declare them public, springs and streams are private waters.

II. Use

1 Whoever makes use of private waters must show consideration for the neighbouring properties.

2 The user must particularly refrain from backwater, artificial withdrawal, supply, or pollution.

III. Water Scarcity

Water scarcity first affects the youngest or, if age is not determinable, the

lowest facility.

f) Mining Royalties and Subsurface Rights

Sovereignty/Regalian Rights

1 The right to dispose of mineral resources, in particular deposits of ores, coal, natural gas and other hydrocarbons, as well as salt deposits, belongs to the Canton as a regalian right.

2 The subsoil is under the sovereignty of the Canton. Private rights remain reserved.

3 The Cantonal Council may specify in more detail the administration of the mining regalian right and the subsoil.

g) Land charge/Mortgage (on real estate)

I. Customary Interest Day

The customary interest day is November 11 (St. Martin's Day).

§§ 74 to 76

§ 77 II. Insurance

1 Buildings and other structures of the building construction sector must be insured

against fire and insurable elemental damage at their proper value with an

insurance company approved for business operations according to insurance

supervision.

2 The Cantonal Council shall issue an ordinance on this matter. In it, it shall

authorize the Cantonal Government to conclude

corresponding agreements with the insurance companies operating in the canton.

§ 77a III. Cantonal Statutory Mortgages

1 Statutory pledges do not require registration in the land register for their

creation.

2 Statutory pledges arise with the claim they secure. They take precedence

over all other pledges and rank equally among themselves.

3 Statutory pledges exceeding CHF 1000.— expire if they are not

registered in the land register within four months after the due date of the

underlying claim, but at the latest within two years from the creation of the

claim.

4 Divergent regulations concerning their creation and expiration remain reserved.

h) Movable Pledge

§ 78 I. Livestock Pledging

1 The Cantonal Government grants authorization for the acceptance of livestock

pledges (Art. 885 SCC).

2 The Debt Enforcement Office at the location of the pledged item keeps the

record of hypothecation.

§ 78a II. Pawnbroking Business

1. Requirement for a License

Anyone wishing to operate a pawnbroking business within the meaning of Art. 907 et

seq. SCC requires a license from the Cantonal Government.

§ 78b 2. Licensing Requirements

1 The license will be granted if the applicant

a) provides assurance of proper business conduct;

b) possesses the necessary commercial and professional knowledge;

c) demonstrates sufficient insurance coverage for the pledged items.

2 The Cantonal Government shall regulate the details.

§ 78c 3. Granting of License

1 The license is usually granted for a period of five years. It will be extended

if the licensing requirements continue to be met.

2 The procedure is governed by the Administrative Justice Act.80

3 A fee will be levied in accordance with the Schedule of Fees for Administration

and Justice in the Canton of Schwyz.

§ 78d 4. Maximum Interest Rate

The Cantonal Government shall determine the maximum permissible annual interest

rate. However, it may not exceed 12%.

§ 78e 5. Consent of the Legal Representative

1 If the pledgor is a minor, the conclusion of the pledge agreement requires

the written consent of their legal representative to be valid.

2 The consent must be available at the latest upon conclusion of the contract.

§ 78f 6. Costs

1 The reasonable costs of storage and insurance of the pledged items may be

charged to the pledgor (borrower).

2 The pledgor must be informed of this at the time of concluding the contract.

3 The Cantonal Government shall regulate the details.

§ 78g 7. Official Sale

1 The official sale (Art. 910 SCC) takes place by means of a public auction

(Art. 229 et seq. CO) by the Debt Enforcement Office at the seat of the pawnbroker.

2 Any surplus of the proceeds over the pledged debt (loan, interest), the

accrued costs according to § 78f, and the auction costs shall be handed over

by the Debt Enforcement Office to the pledgor or deposited for them in a blocked

account at a bank that has received approval from the competent Swiss

supervisory authority.

3 If the pledgor's claim to the surplus has expired due to prescription

(Art. 911 para. 3 SCC), the deposited amount accrues to the pawnbroker.

4 If no offer at the public auction covers the claims according to paragraph 2,

the pawnbroker may claim ownership of the pledged item.

5 The Cantonal Government shall regulate the procedure.

§ 78h 8. Supervision

1 The pawnbroker must provide the competent department with information

about the licensed activity upon request and grant access to all documents

and business premises.

2 The costs of supervisory activities shall be borne by the license holder in

accordance with the Schedule of Fees for Administration and Justice in the

Canton of Schwyz.

§ 78i 9. Transitional Provision

1 Licenses already granted shall expire at the latest five years after the entry

into force of §§ 78a et seq.

2 §§ 78f, 78g and 78h also apply to these licenses.

3 § 78d applies to all loans granted after the entry into force of §§ 78a et seq.

i) Land Register

§ 79 I. General

1 The land register is established by political municipality.

2 The notary is the land register administrator. They manage the land

register office.

3 The land register can be kept in electronic form (computerized land register).

The costs for the introduction and operation of the computerized land register

are borne by the districts in proportional shares.

4 Electronic business transactions for the land register offices are permitted

in accordance with federal law.

5 The Cantonal Government shall issue the necessary implementing provisions.

§ 80 II. Recording of Public Property

1 General public property is either the property of the canton, the district, or

the municipality and must be recorded as such in the land register.

2 The Cantonal Council shall regulate the procedure.

§ 81 III. Notarial Districts

1 The canton is divided into seven notarial districts.

2 The individual districts comprise the area of the following municipalities

District 1: Municipalities of Schwyz, Ingenbohl, Muotathal, Oberiberg, Unteriberg,

Morschach, Alpthal, Illgau, and Riemenstalden

District 2: Municipalities of Arth, Steinen, Sattel, Rothenthurm, Lauerz, and

Steinerberg

District 3: District of Gersau

District 4: District of Küssnacht

District 5: District of Einsiedeln

District 6: District of Höfe

District 7: District of March

3 The District of Schwyz may, by decision of its voters, merge districts 1 and 2.

§ 81a IV. Cooperation

1 Several districts may, by decision of their voters, form a joint notarial district.

2 The district councils shall agree on the seat of the land register office, the

applicable service and salary regulations, the division of costs, budgeting,

and termination, as well as further details of the cooperation. The agreement

requires the approval of the Cantonal Government, which shall consult the

Cantonal Court in advance.

3 The district councils shall exercise their competencies jointly.

§ 82 V. Notary

1 Eligible as a notary is anyone who holds the Schwyz bar examination certificate

or has passed the examination for notaries. The Cantonal Court shall issue the

examination regulations.

2 The Bar Examination Commission, with the assistance of the Land Register

Inspectorate, examines the candidate and issues a certificate of eligibility.

3 The district council elects the notary. If there is no statutory regulation of

the district, the district council shall determine the method of remuneration

and regulate the mutual rights and obligations in the relationship between

the district and the notary.

§ 83 VI. Representation

1 The competent district council shall appoint one or more representatives for

each notarial district.

2 Every notary is obliged to accept election as a representative for an adjacent

notarial district.

3 If the representative is also unavailable, the District President shall appoint

another person eligible as a notary for special cases.

§ 84 VII. Insurance

The district council must take out adequate liability insurance for damages

suffered by third parties due to the official duties of the notary and their

assistants, for which the district must be liable.

§ 85 VIII. Supervision

1. Cantonal Court

1 The Cantonal Court exercises professional and service supervision over the

Land Register Inspector and professional supervision over the notaries.

2 It reports to the Cantonal Council on the activities of the Land Register

Inspector and the notaries in its accountability report.

§ 86 2. Land Register Inspector

1 The Cantonal Court appoints the Land Register Inspector. It may instead

transfer their duties to a private individual.

2 The Land Register Inspector examines the books and registers kept by the

notaries and reports the results of their examination to the Cantonal Court.

3 They may issue professional instructions to the notaries or request the

Cantonal Court to issue instructions.

§ 86a 3. District Council

The district council exercises service supervision over the notaries.

III. Title

Final and Transitional Provisions

§ 87

§ 88 II. Implementing Ordinance of the Cantonal Government

1 Unless the law expressly designates another authority, the Cantonal

Government shall issue the necessary implementing regulations.

2 The Cantonal Government shall issue the schedule of fees.

§ 89 III. Amendment of Existing Enactments

1 Existing enactments shall be amended in accordance with the Annex, which

is an integral part of this Act.

2 The Cantonal Government shall adapt the regulations it has issued to this Act.

§ 90 IV. Repeal of Existing Law

1 With the entry into force of this Act, all provisions contradicting it are repealed.

2 In particular, the following are repealed

a) the Act concerning the Introduction of the Swiss Civil Code in the Canton

of Schwyz, of November 29, 1910,

b) the Implementing Ordinance to the Cantonal Act of November 29, 1910,

concerning the Introduction of the Swiss Civil Code, of September 9, 1911,

c) the Ordinance concerning Livestock Pledging, of October 26, 1911,

d) the Implementing Ordinance to an Amendment of the Swiss Civil Code

(Adoption Law and Parent-Child Relationship), of December 2, 1977.

§ 91 V. Limited Real Rights of Former Private Law

1. Tithes, Ground Rents, and Real Servitudes

1 Tithes and ground rents of cantonal private law remain in force until their

redemption.

2 Redemption is governed by the provisions on land burdens.

3 The Cantonal Council shall regulate the redemption of real servitudes under

old law.

§ 92 2. Mortgages

1 Cantonal private law land insurance, such as insurances (obligations),

annuities (Gülten), and mortgage certificates (Schuldbriefe), guarantee

documents (Kautionsurkunden), counter-claims (Widerlagsbriefe),

settlement or buyout certificates (Ausrichtungs- oder Auskaufbriefe),

and purchase mortgage certificates (Kaufschuldbriefe) are equivalent to

the mortgage certificate (Schuldbrief) of the new law.

2 The credit certificate (Kreditschein) of cantonal private law is equivalent

to the land charge (Grundpfandverschreibung).

§ 93 VI. Land Register Law

1 The former land register system is equivalent to the new land register,

subject to Art. 44 para. 1 Final Title SCC.

2 The concept protocol and the transfer protocol for property transfers, and

the concept protocol and the mortgage protocol for the mortgage system

of the former land register system, are equivalent to the day book of the new

law, as is the former land register for property transfers and for the mortgage

system to the main book of the new law.

§ 94 VII. Federal Land Register

With the introduction of the Federal Land Register in a municipality, the

transitional provisions contained in §§ 91 to 93 cease to be effective.

§ 95 VIII. Matrimonial Property Register

The matrimonial property register is kept at the commercial register office.

§ 96 IX. Procedural Regulations

1 The authorities competent under former law shall conclude those proceedings

that are pending before them at the time this Act enters into force.

Reserved are invalidity, divorce, and separation proceedings pending at first

instance, which shall be informally and ex officio transferred to the competent

authority; the parties shall be given a deadline to submit new motions, facts,

and evidence.

2 Rulings and decisions announced after the entry into force of this Act may be

appealed to the appellate authority competent under the new law.

§ 97 X. Referendum, Publication, Entry into Force

1 This Act is subject to a referendum in accordance with §§ 34 or 35 of the

Cantonal Constitution.

2 It shall be published in the Official Gazette and, after its entry into force and

approval by the Federal Council, included in the Official Collection of Laws.

3 The Cantonal Government is entrusted with its execution. It shall determine

the date of its entry into force.

Transitional Provision for the Amendment of May 24, 2000

A document drawn up or an authentication carried out by a certifying person

before the entry into force of this decision is valid if it meets the requirements

of the former or the new law.

Transitional Provision for the Amendment of May 28, 2003

1 The districts shall jointly and at their own expense, under the direction of the

Canton, introduce the EDP land register.

2 The Cantonal Government shall issue further regulations.

Transitional Provision for the Amendment of September 14, 2011

1 Proceedings concerning inheritance pending at the time of the entry into force

of this amendment shall be continued under the new law.

2 The authority competent under the new law shall decide to what extent the

former proceedings must be supplemented.

Special Transitional Provision for Welfare-Based Deprivation of Liberty for the

Amendment of September 14, 2011

The Introductory Act to the Swiss Civil Code of September 14, 1978, is amended

as follows

§ 36a para. 3 (new)

3 If the guardianship authority cannot be convened in time, the president of the

guardianship authority or, in their absence or unavailability, the vice-president

shall decide. Such decisions must be submitted to the guardianship authority

for approval within 20 days.

With the entry into force of the complete amendment of September 14, 2011,

§ 36a para. 3 is repealed.

Transitional Provision for the Amendment of October 25, 2017

A document drawn up or an authentication carried out by a certifying person

before the entry into force of this decision is valid if it meets the requirements

of the former or the new law.

1 GS 17-79 with amendments of November 20, 1980 (GS 17-272), November 30, 1983 (GS

17-459), March 7, 1985 (GS 17-538), April 24, 1985 (GS 17-553), May 14, 1987

(GS 17-662), October 26, 1994 (GS 18-537), October 26, 1994 (GS 19-10), February 4,

1998 (GS 19-372), October 27, 1999 (GS 19-445), May 24, 2000 (GS 19-595),

May 28, 2003 (GS 20-407), December 17, 2003 (GS 20-478), February 16, 2005

(GS 21-7), November 22, 2006 (Implementation of Partnership Act, GS 21-98b), June 28,

2007 (Police Ordinance, GS 21-131a), June 28, 2007 (GS 21-154), November 18, 2009

(Justice Ordinance, GS 22-82q), September 14, 2011 (GS 23-14), November 23, 2011

(GS 23-18a), September 25, 2013 (KRB Adaptation to new Cantonal Constitution, GS 23-80i),

December 17, 2013 (RRB Adaptation to new Cantonal Constitution, GS 23-97), October 25,

2017 (KRB Update of Justice Legislation and Optimization of the Organization of Criminal

Prosecution Authorities, GS 25-9f), March 14, 2018 (KRB concerning the cooperation of the

municipalities and districts, GS 25-25d), September 18, 2019 (KRB concerning the organization of the

land register and the debt enforcement and bankruptcy inspectorate, GS 25-61a), May 27, 2020

(Police Act, GS 26-14b), June 23, 2021 (Act on Collection Assistance and Advance Payments of

Maintenance Contributions, GS 26-50a) ) and April 27, 2022 (KiBeG, GS 26-77c).

2 Adopted in the popular vote of December 3, 1978, with 13,245 Yes votes against 8,482 No votes

(Abl 1978 1075); amendments of February 4, 1998, in the popular vote of June 7, 1998, with

18,117 Yes votes against 7,100 No votes (Abl 1998 784), of June 28, 2007, in the popular vote of

February 24, 2008, with 25,360 Yes votes against 7,965 No votes (Abl 2008 485).

3 Version of November 18, 2009.

4 Version of November 18, 2009; Para. 1 lit. b in the version of, lit. c, No. 2 and 3 newly

inserted (former Nos. 2 to 8 become Nos. 4 to 10) on, Para. 2 in the version of September 14, 2011;

Para. 1 lit. d No. 2, 6 and 7 in the version of and Nos. 9 and 10 newly inserted

on November 23, 2011; Para. 1 lit. a in the version of May 27, 2020.

5 SRSZ 520.110.

6 SR 211.231, Partnership Act, PartG.

7 Newly inserted on September 14, 2011.

8 SR 211.222.32.

9 Newly inserted on September 14, 2011.

10 SRSZ 234.110.

11 Heading in the version of September 14, 2011.

12 Version of November 23, 2011.

13 Version of September 14, 2011.

14 Para. 1 and 3 in the version of September 14, 2011; Para. 2 in the version of April 27, 2022.

15 Version of September 14, 2011.

16 SR 211.221.31.

17 Para. 3 lit. b and c repealed on February 16, 2005; Para. 1 and 2 in the version of

September 14, 2011.

18 Repealed on September 14, 2011.

19 Newly inserted on February 16, 2005.

20 Version of May 24, 2000.

21 Lit. a in the version of May 24, 2000; Lit. c in the version of September 14, 2011; Lit. b

in the version of October 25, 2017.

22 Version of May 24, 2000.

23 Version of October 25, 2017.

24 Para. 2 repealed on October 25, 2017.

25 Heading and Para. 1 in the version of October 25, 2017.

26 Newly inserted on October 25, 2017.

27 Newly inserted on October 25, 2017.

28 Para. 2 repealed on October 27, 1999.

29 Newly inserted on September 14, 2011.

30 Heading in the version of September 14, 2011.

31 Version of May 14, 1987.

32 Heading in the version of September 14, 2011.

33 Version of October 27, 1999.

34 Repealed on September 14, 2011.

35 Repealed on June 23, 2021.

36 Version of May 14, 1987, and Heading Version of October 27, 1999.

37 Heading in the version of September 14, 2011.

38 Version of September 14, 2011.

39 Version of September 14, 2011.

40 SRSZ 145.110.

41 Version of September 14, 2011.

42 Version of and Heading before § 27 repealed on September 14, 2011.

43 Version of September 14, 2011; Para. 2 lit. b, d, f to p in the version of October 25,

2107, former lit. g to i are repealed and former lit. j to p become lit. i to o.

44 Version of September 14, 2011.

45 Version of September 14, 2011.

46 Version of September 14, 2011.

47 Version of September 14, 2011.

48 Version of September 14, 2011.

49 Version of September 14, 2011.

50 Version of September 14, 2011.

51 Newly inserted on September 14, 2011.

52 Newly inserted on September 14, 2011.

53 Version of September 14, 2011.

54 SRSZ 140.100.

55 Para. 1 in the version of September 14, 2011. Heading before § 36 a and Para. 2 repealed

on September 14, 2011. Para. 3 newly inserted on September 14, 2011 (entered into force on

November 1, 2011) as a special transitional provision according to No. IV and repealed again

with the entry into force of the complete amendment of September 14, 2011.

56 Repealed on September 14, 2011.

57 Repealed on September 14, 2011.

58 Heading, Para. 1 and 2 in the version of, Para. 3 repealed on March 14, 2018.

59 Heading, Para. 1 and 2 in the version of, Para. 3 repealed on March 14, 2018.

60 Newly inserted on March 14, 2018 (replaces former § 38a).

61 Version of and Para. 2, 3 and 4 repealed on September 14, 2011.

62 Version of September 14, 2011.

63 Para. 1 and 2 in the version of September 14, 2011.

64 Newly inserted on September 14, 2011.

65 Heading in the version of March 14, 2018.

66 Para. 1 in the version of September 14, 2011.

67 Para. 1 and 4 in the version of September 14, 2011.

68 Heading in the version of March 14, 2018.

69 Para. 1 in the version of September 14, 2011; Heading in the version of March 14, 2018.

70 Version of September 25, 2013.

71 Version of February 4, 1998.

72 Version of February 4, 1998; Para. 3 new.

73 Repealed on November 23, 2011.

74 Heading in the version of November 23, 2011.

75 Heading, Para. 1, 3 and 4 (new) in the version of November 23, 2011. Former Para. 3

becomes Para. 4.

76 Marginal title in the version of June 28, 2007.

77 Newly inserted on June 28, 2007.

78 Newly inserted on June 28, 2007.

79 Newly inserted on June 28, 2007.

80 SRSZ 234.110.

81 SRSZ 173.111.

82 Newly inserted on June 28, 2007.

83 Newly inserted on June 28, 2007.

84 Newly inserted on June 28, 2007.

85 Newly inserted on June 28, 2007.

86 Newly inserted on June 28, 2007.

87 Newly inserted on June 28, 2007.

88 Para. 3 in the version of and Para. 4 and 5 newly inserted on November 23, 2011; Para. 2 in

the version of September 18, 2019.

89 Para. 3 in the version of March 14, 2018.

90 Newly inserted on March 14, 2018.

91 Para. 3 in the version of May 24, 2000; Heading in the version of March 14, 2018.

92 Para. 1 in the version of May 24, 2000; Heading in the version of March 14, 2018.

93 Newly inserted on May 24, 2000; Heading in the version of March 14, 2018.

94 Newly inserted on September 18, 2019.

95 Heading, Para. 1, 2 and 3 in the version of September 18, 2019.

96 Newly inserted on September 18, 2019.

97 Repealed on September 25, 2013.

98 No longer listed in the systematic collection, but taken into account by amending the respective

enactments.

99 Abl 1979 741.

100 GS 7-16.

101 GS 7-160.

102 GS 7-203.

103 GS 16-871.

104 Para. 3 in the version of September 25, 2013.

105 Para. 1 in the version of November 23, 2011.

106 § 94 was not approved by the Federal Council insofar as it concerns the repeal of § 92.

107 § 95 new, version of May 14, 1987. Former §§ 95 and 96 become §§ 96 and 97; their

marginal titles VIII. and IX. become IX. and X.

108 § 95 new, version of May 14, 1987. Former §§ 95 and 96 become §§ 96 and 97; their

marginal titles VIII. and IX. become IX. and X; Para. 1 version of October 27, 1999.

109 § 95 new, version of May 14, 1987. Former §§ 95 and 96 become §§ 96 and 97; their

marginal titles VIII. and IX. become IX. and X; Heading, Para. 1 and 3 in the version of

December 17, 2013.

110 Approved by the Federal Council on February 22, 1979; amendments of May 24, 2000, by the Federal

Department of Justice and Police on September 11, 2000, and of May 28, 2003, on July 17, 2003.

111 Entered into force on September 1, 1979 (Abl 1979 740); amendments of November 20, 1980,

on January 1, 1981 (GS 17-273), of November 30, 1983, on January 1, 1984 (Abl 1984 90), of

March 7, 1985, on July 1, 1985 (GS 17-539), of April 24, 1985, on January 1, 1987 (GS 17-554),

of May 14, 1987, on January 1, 1988 (Abl 1987 1212), of October 26, 1994, on January 1,

1996 (GS 18-538) or on November 1, 1995 (§ 77, Abl 1995 1525), of October 27, 1999, on

January 1, 2000 (Abl 1999 1846), of February 4, 1998, on July 1, 2000 (Abl 2000 1002), of

May 24, 2000, on January 1, 2001 (Abl 2000 1684), of May 28, 2003, on August 1, 2003 (Abl

2003 1284), of December 17, 2003, on March 1, 2004 (Abl 2004 435), of February 16, 2005,

on July 1, 2005 (Abl 2005 1675), of November 22, 2006, on January 1, 2007 (Abl 2007 51),

of June 28, 2007, on September 1, 2007 (Abl 2007 1569) as well as on September 1, 2008 (Abl

2008 1746), of November 18, 2009, on January 1, 2011 (Abl 2010 1508), § 36a para. 3 of

September 14, 2011, on November 1, 2011 (Abl 2011 2236), of November 14, 2011 (with the

exception of § 36a para. 3) on January 1, 2013 (Abl 2012 2962), of November 23, 2011, on

January 1, 2012 (Abl 2012 238), of September 25, 2013, on January 1, 2014 (Abl 2013 2851),

of December 17, 2013, on January 1, 2014 (Abl 2013 2974), of October 25, 2017, on February

1, 2018 (Abl 2018 83), of March 14, 2018, on January 1, 2019 (Abl 2018 2836), of September

18, 2019, on June 1, 2020 (Abl 2020 1252), of May 27, 2020, on January 1, 2021 (Abl 2020

2835), of June 23, 2021, on January 1, 2022 (Abl 2021 2579) and of April 27, 2022, on

June 1, 2024 (Abl 2023 2178) entered into force.