Art. 10 Act on Administrative Procedure and Jurisdiction (LPJA)
Art. 10 VVRG
1. Persons who have to make a decision or prepare one shall recuse themselves if they
a) have a personal interest in the matter;
b) are related or connected to a party in a direct line or collateral line up to the third degree, or through marriage, engagement, or adoption;
c) are representatives of a party or have acted for a party in the same matter;
d) if a relative or in-law up to and including the second degree acts as a lawyer, representative or agent of one of the parties;
e) could be biased for other reasons.
2. A member of a collegiate authority, whose department or court has issued the contested decision, shall recuse themselves from the decision of that authority. In the event of a tie, the presiding member casts the deciding vote.
3. If the recusal of a member of a collegiate authority is contested, the authority shall decide excluding the member in question. In all other cases, the ordinary appeal instance decides (Art. 42 letter b).